The RATE of TIME PREFERENCE plays an important role in discounting instantaneous utility in economic growth models and also in calculating social discount RATE in cost-benefit analysis. In empirical researchers, this RATE is assumed to be constant. However, the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE might vary over TIME. This paper develops a new algorithm to estimate this RATE as a varied coefficient for the Iranian economy over the period 1965-2010. In our algorithm, we use a recursive method to estimate the initial values for the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE as a function of consumption. Given the effect of the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE on saving, and knowing their initial values, we use a filtering method to estimate these RATEs as a function of life expectancy. The average value of TIME PREFERENCE RATE over the period under consideration is 2.38 percent. This RATE is found to be higher during the period of economic uncertainties such as Iran-Iraq imposed war. However, the RATE is decreasing after the end of war.

The RATE of TIME PREFERENCE is a fact that exists in the outside world and reality, and some economists believe that zero-TIME PREFERENCE RATE is zero is compatible with intergenerational justice. Some Muslim economists are also of the opinion that Islamic values seek to reduce this external reality, and as a result, they consider the TIME PREFERENCE RATE to be zero or close to zero as an indicator of the society’s approach to intergenerational justice. Assuming that the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE is an indicator for the society’s approach to intergenerational justice, therefore it is always possible to measure the distance of the society from the value of intergenerational justice by measuring this index.There are different methods to measure this RATE according to the factors that affect it, one of these methods is based on behavioral or traditional Stochastic Discount Factor (SDF) estimation, and this research also intends to use the data of the Iranian capital market. And with the help of behavioral and traditional SDF models to estimate the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE.The research results indicate that the TIME PREFERENCE factor in the traditional SDF and behavioral SDF models is 0.98 and 0.84, respectively, and because the TIME PREFERENCE RATE obtained from the TIME PREFERENCE factor in the traditional model is equal to 0.12 and in the behavioral model is equal to is 0.19, so it can be concluded that the pricing model containing emotion shows the distance of the society from the intergenerational justice-oriented society.

Purpose: Individual attitudes towards risk shape a broad set of decisions related to important outcomes such as savings and investments, occupational choice and labor supply, retirement decisions, insurance and health services purchase, health behaviors and lifestyles (Banks et al., 2019). Despite the limited resources available and with the aim of obtaining the maximum benefit, these decisions someTIMEs have only short-term effects and, in some cases, their effects are shifted to the future. The question of whether a person’s choice is to achieve more benefit in the present or in the future relates to the concept of TIME PREFERENCE. Knowledge of the TIME PREFERENCE RATE of individuals in the field of health is a key variable affecting intertemporal utility and is considered as one of the fundamental concerns in health economics macro policies.Methodology: This study employs the MIMIC model to evaluate the shifts in the health-related TIME PREFERENCE RATE in several countries with upper middle incomes during a 20-year period from 2000 to 2019. The MIMIC model explains the relationship between observable variables and an unobservable one by minimizing the distance between the sample covariance matrix and the covariance matrix predicted by the model. In the research model, the hidden variable is the health TIME PREFERENCE RATE (HTP). The variables used in our study are divided into two major categories including indicator variables and causal variables. The causal variables are LLE (the logarithm of life expectancy), LGDP (logarithm of per capita income), UNILO (unemployment RATE), PR (political risk rating), SE (enrollment, tertiary–% gross), and INFG (inflation, GDP deflator). The indicator variables are OOP (out-of-pocket expenditure–% of current health expenditure), SUI (suicide mortality RATE–per 100.000 population), LEGA (prosperity index), MIG (migration RATE), and LINSU (life insurance premium RATE). The studied countries are a number of upper-middle income countries according to the World Bank classification, namely Brazil, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Jordan, Azerbaijan, Argentina, Kazakhstan, and South Africa. After modeling, first the stationarity and autocorrelation tests were performed to ensure the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. Before estimating the model, the appropriate variable was selected to normalize the model. In the following, the hidden variable (i.e. the health TIME PREFERENCE RATE) and its trend were predicted. It should be noted that all the steps were taken in the STATA software.Findings and Discussion: In order to investigate the stationary of the variables, different tests were performed. According to the results, all the variables are stationary, i.e. I(0) or I(1). Also, a co-integration test was performed to ensure a long-term relationship between the variables. To determine the best conditions, the model was first normalized for all the causal variables. According to the results, the best model is the normalization based on the LEGA variable. Also, the GOF test was used to confirm the fit of the model. Based on the results of the MIMIC model predicting the hidden variable, the trend of health TIME PREFERENCE RATE for all the studied countries is presented in sepaRATE graphs. During the period under study, the trend of the TIME PREFERENCE RATE for health in Brazil, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, and Russia was downward with a steep slope, indicating an improvement in people’s attitudes toward health in these countries and a reduction in risky behaviors in order to achieve greater future benefits. This trend was also downward in Jordan and Azerbaijan, albeit with a very low slope. In Argentina, Kazakhstan, and South Africa, the trend of the TIME PREFERENCE RATE for health was rising, with Argentina’s trend being steeper than that of the other two countries. This indicates a decline in people’s attention to the health in the present and, consequently, a decline in their desire to invest in it for the future.Conclusions and Policy Implications: People’s behavior is clearly related to their TIME horizon. As people’s TIME PREFERENCE RATE increases, planning becomes increasingly myopic. This study employs the MIMIC model to evaluate the shifts in the health-related TIME PREFERENCE RATE in several upper-middle-income countries. The obtained trends for the health TIME PREFERENCE RATE show the impacts of the policies adopted in the field of health on people's attitudes towards a healthier life in the future. Prohibition of smoking in public places, restricting laws or controls on the consumption of alcohol and drugs, policies to promote professional and public sports, healthy diet recommendations, expansion of health education and similar cases are among these policies. Since policy makers try to achieve the goals of promoting the health status of citizen, it seems warning, and awareness programs such as health education and counseling programs can be effective in this regard.

TIME PREFERENCE has a peculiar role in determining the level of economic activities. TIME PREFERENCE is the most important origin of interest RATE. In this paper we study the founders and defenders' viewpoints about TIME PREFERENCE and then we try to criticize them. It seems that discounting future utilities is resulting from irrationality and it is ethically indefensible too. From mathematical aspect, discounting is necessary because it convergences sum of social welfare function to some finite number and so the optimal TIME path for consumption is attained. But this isn't true for a growing population. It seems that there aren't any rational reasons for preferring current generation's welfare to future generations'. If we have TIME PREFERENCE, in intertemporal allocation, it reduces available resources for future consumption and so the level of saving will be decreased. We study a numerical example for affecting TIME path of an ore extraction of a nonrenewable resource. Results show that the higher the TIME PREFERENCE, the higher the RATE of extraction will be occurred. Because with a high RATE for TIME PREFERENCE, present value of cash flows will be discounted more strongly and it increases the incentive to mine the more quickly.

In this study, the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE as the most important origin of interest is studied. It is firstly examined from the view point of its determinants and then the affected factors from TIME PREFERENCE will be considered. Results show that the most important affected variable is saving RATE, so that the higher the RATE of TIME PREFERENCE is the lower the optimal saving RATE. This can be explained by the fact that the high the TIME PREFERENCE the more distance one takes in his allocation choice from rational norm. We also claim that TIME PREFERENCE can not provided enough bases for existent of market RATE of interest. This variable have been examined for Iranian economy with Structural Equations, Multiple Indicator Multiple Indicator Cause model (MIMIC) for period of 1351-81. The results also show that increase in TIME PREFERENCE RATE decreases private investment intensively.

Introduction: Consider importance of TIME management in educational achievement, job performance and life quality, different research were conducted to indicate the per coming of TIME management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of conscientiousness, tenacity and PREFERENCE for organization with TIME management.Method: Three hundred four mohaghegh ardabili university undergraduate students (1 52 females, 148 males) were selected with cluster random sampling method. All students through descriptive- correlation research method, completed TIME management questionnaire (Barling, Kelloway & Cheung), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae), TIME style scale (Usunier & Valette - Florance), TIME management behavior scale (Macan et al).Results: The data from causal modeling (path analysis) indicated that better TIME management in direct way was accompanied with higher level of conscientiousness, tenacity (persistence), and PREFERENCE for organization (Ps<0.05).Tenacity and PREFERENCE for organization also affected by conscientiousness (Ps<0.05). Also conscientiousness via tenacity and PREFERENCE for organization effects on TIME management indirectly (Ps<0.01).Conclusions: With the change and control of conscientiousness, tenacity and prefer to organize we can improve the TIME management and provided success of individuals.